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Introduction International fraudsters often exploit complex financial instruments and obscure investment schemes to trick businesses and investors. Two common vehicles for such scams are Letters of Credit (LC) and so-called Private Placement Programs (PPP). These schemes promise lucrative returns or

Standby Letters of Credit (SBLCs) and Bank Guarantees (BGs) are legitimate financial instruments used as guarantees in business transactions. Unfortunately, these instruments have also become tools for sophisticated fraud schemes. In recent years, law enforcement agencies have warned that criminals are

Mathematics and the Question of FairnessGalileo Galilei famously said that “Mathematics is the language in which God has written the universe.” (Galileo Galilei, as cited in Mirt Internet Newspaper). If we accept this thought, then the laws of the cosmos—physical, social, and ethical—are all expressed

Factoring has evolved into a powerful financing tool that drives growth for businesses worldwide. Despite its long history and proven track record, the factoring market is still widely misunderstood—often perceived as a last-resort, high-risk, or excessively expensive financing method used only by companies in distress.

What is Trade-Based Money Laundering? Trade-Based Money Laundering (TBML) is the process of disguising illegally obtained funds and moving value across borders using trade transactions to legitimize their illicit origin (Trade-Based Money Laundering). In simple terms, instead of moving bags of cash or